Oropouche virus infection: an emerging arboviral threat in Asia

Oropouche virus (OROV), a neglected arbovirus of the Orthobunyavirus genus within the Peribunyaviridae family, has historically been confined to South and Central America. Recent epidemiological changes, including geographic expansion, increasing incidence, exported travel-associated cases, and reports of neurological and congenital complications, have raised concern regarding its potential for wider dissemination. Although no confirmed cases have been reported in Asia to date, future emergence remains biologically and ecologically plausible due to interconnected virological, ecological, and anthropogenic factors.

This narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from September 2025 to May 2026. A total of 7,939 records were initially identified, and 105 relevant sources were selected based on their relevance to OROV virology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, evolutionary potential, environmental drivers, and possible emergence in Asia.

Current evidence shows that OROV has progressed from a regionally neglected arbovirus to an emerging preparedness concern. Its segmented RNA genome enables reassortment, supporting viral adaptability and the emergence of strains such as OROVBR-2015-2024, which have been associated with enhanced transmission potential and more severe clinical outcomes. In Asia, potential emergence would likely result from multiple converging factors rather than a single determinant. These include the presence of diverse biting midges and mosquitoes that require vector competence assessment, climate conditions favourable to vector persistence, land-use change, urbanisation, increased wildlife-livestock-human contact, and frequent international travel. Clinical overlap with dengue, Zika, and chikungunya may further delay recognition, particularly in settings where OROV molecular testing is not routinely available.

OROV emergence in Asia is not inevitable but remains a credible preparedness concern. Proactive surveillance, diagnostic readiness, vector competence studies, and regional preparedness are needed to enable early detection and reduce the risk of introduction and establishment.