Self-Passivated Metal Oxides Composite Buffer Stabilizing Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules

Narrowing the device-to-module gap of perovskite photovoltaic is a crucial issue at this stage. Current limitations include the lack of efficient, stable, and low-cost buffer layers that are compatible with scalable production. Here, a composite of self-passivating metals is reported that overcomes the Volmer-Weber growth on the C₆₀ surface in thermal evaporation, ultimately forming an ultrathin, compact, and robust self-passivated metal oxide buffer, which demonstrates reduced non-radiative recombination and a strong barrier against component migration in devices. Besides, the adverse crystallization of C₆₀ under damp and heat is suppressed. Implementing this approach, the blade-coated perovskite solar module (PSM) achieved a certified steady-state power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.72% over an aperture area of 20.3 cm². The outdoor stability analysis of PSM was conducted following ISOS-O-1 protocol, which exhibited negligible PCE loss throughout 6 months, suggesting reliable durability under real conditions.