PVDF-HFP-based organic electrochemical transistors: mechanisms, processing, and neuromorphic applications

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated significant potential in neuromorphic computing owing to their distinctive ion-electron coupling mechanism. Solid-state electrolytes and ion-gel systems based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) provide a crucial materials foundation for the transition of OECTs from liquid-electrolyte configurations toward encapsulatable and integrable device architectures. This review focuses on PVDF-HFP-based OECT systems, systematically summarizing their operating mechanisms, material selection principles, and device fabrication strategies, with particular emphasis on their advantages in synaptic function emulation, learning behavior implementation, and system-level neuromorphic applications. Current challenges, including performance uniformity, regulation of ion dynamics, and large-scale integration, are further discussed to provide guidance for the future development of highly stable and low-power neuromorphic electronic devices.