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Updated: Sep 23, 2026

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
Published on: June 9, 2023
Oxygen vacancy-regulated RuO2 enables high chlorine evolution selectivity for deep organic mineralization and reuse
Youzheng Chai1, Ming Gao2, Gong Zhang3
1Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Abstract:
Insufficient chlorine evolution reaction (CER) selectivity over the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits chloride-mediated electro-oxidation for deep mineralization and reuse of Cl--laden PVC wastewater, particularly under near-neutral and 0.25-1 mol/L Cl⁻ ranges. Here, RuO2/Ti4O7 porous anode was prepared to enable excellent CER while limiting OER activities through leveraging the interfacial electronic coupling effect between oxygen vacancy-rich Ti4O7 support and Ru sites. The low Ru loading RuO2/Ti4O7 delivered 60-93% Faradaic efficiency and higher active species production than DSA in neutral solutions from wide Cl⁻ range. A flow-through electrochemical reactor using RuO2/Ti4O7 was constructed and maintained >88.9% TOC removal in 360 h continuous wastewater treatment with 0.25-1 mol/L Cl- concentration ranges. The high efficiency of Cl-mediated ·OH formation via RuO2/Ti4O7 ensured the sustained mineralization pathway, and showing >93.5% TOC removal during 400 h continuous treatment within complex actual wastewater. Effluent treated by this electrochemical system directly meets ion-exchange membrane electrolyser reuse standards (influent TOC <10 mg/L), enabling complete salt water recovery and confirming its huge potential in chlor-alkali industry.
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