Preclinical advances on diosgenin-loaded nanomedicines

Diosgenin is a naturally occurring steroidal sapogenin presenting diverse biological properties. However, its therapeutic potential is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. In this context, recent advances in nanotechnology have demonstrated that nanoparticle-based delivery systems can represent a strategy to improve diosgenin's solubility, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. This review aims to explore the literature focused on nanotechnological approaches used to potentiate the biological properties of diosgenin. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge databases and included keywords related to "diosgenin" and specific "nanotechnology" modalities. Diosgenin has been nanoformulated in different nanocarriers, including organic (e.g. polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles) and inorganic (e.g. metallic) particles. These nanoformulations have shown promising results in in vitro and in vivo assays, enhancing anticancer effects, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and preventing thrombosis without increasing adverse effects. Overall, nanocarrier-based strategies offer a promising approach to overcome the limitations of diosgenin, maximizing its pharmacological potential.