Electrografting strategies for fabrication of biosensing interfaces

Biosensors increasingly require spatially defined chemistries that survive repeated measurement cycles and complex biological matrices. Electrografting has become an important surface modification strategy for constructing stable and well-defined biosensing interfaces. Electrografting provides stronger interfacial stability, broader substrate compatibility, and better control over surface functionalization. This review article traces the mechanistic evolution of electrografting, from diazonium-based radical grafting to carbene-forming and click-compatible chemistries. We then examine how these strategies helped develop functional biosensors in recent years. Continued progress in electrografting methodologies and functional materials is expected to further advance biosensing technologies for clinical applications.