[Microenvironmental regulation strategies and applications of yeast surface display systems]

Yeast surface display (YSD) is an important technological platform integrating protein engineering, synthetic biology, and industrial biocatalysis. Its catalytic efficiency and stability highly depend on the dynamic synergy of the three-tier microenvironments: the cell wall, intracellular environment, and extracellular compartments. This review systematically elaborates on the core components of the YSD microenvironment, including the cell wall, anchor proteins, intracellular secretion pathways, and extracellular physicochemical properties, and clarifies their critical roles in the folding, activity, and anchoring efficiency of displayed proteins. In addition, this review summarizes targeted regulation strategies, including cell wall gene engineering, optimization of anchor proteins and linkers, enhancement of intracellular secretion pathways, adaptation of extracellular culture conditions, and spatial arrangement of multienzyme co-display. It reveals that synergistic optimization of the three-tier microenvironments can significantly improve display efficiency and catalytic performance. YSD technology based on microenvironment regulation has achieved substantial application progress in industrial production, biomedicine, and environmental remediation. However, current microenvironment regulation still faces challenges in terms of precision, compatibility, and stability. Future research should focus on developing corresponding regulation strategies to break through technical bottlenecks and promote the industrial application of YSD. Microenvironment regulation provides important theoretical and technical support for the performance optimization and industrial translation of YSD.