An Evaluation of Digital Health Tools to Support Multidisciplinary Teams in Managing Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes requires sustained self-management and coordinated multidisciplinary care, with rising prevalence challenging health systems. Digital health tools and services have been introduced to support patients and healthcare professionals by extending access to education, behaviour change support, and data-enabled decision-making. Whilst previous reviews emphasise the effectiveness of digital interventions, this narrative review draws on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, trials, observational implementation studies, and qualitative evidence to synthesise what is known about their effectiveness, implementation in routine practice, and implications for multidisciplinary care. Randomised trials and observational studies evaluating web-based support, mobile applications, text messaging, and online peer support platforms suggest that digital tools may improve glycaemic control, medication adherence and health behaviours. However, effect sizes are variable, benefits are often short-term, and engagement typically declines over time. Evidence from real-world implementation is more limited and demonstrates a consistent "voltage drop" between trial efficacy and effectiveness in routine practice, driven by inconsistent delivery, low uptake, and limited integration into care pathways. Persistent inequalities in access and use of digital interventions linked to age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, language, and digital literacy further constrain impact. Many interventions lack explicit theoretical foundations, rely on evidence generated from digitally literate populations, and offer limited cultural tailoring. Looking ahead, digital tools should be understood as adjuncts that can extend, reinforce, and personalise support between face-to-face contacts. Future research should prioritise real-world implementation, equitable access and engagement, and the effective integration of digital tools within multidisciplinary diabetes care. Realising this potential will require clearer referral pathways, shared understanding within multidisciplinary teams of which programmes are suitable for whom, and active support for patients to navigate, access, and engage with available options. Hybrid models that combine digital and face-to-face care may therefore be particularly important for embedding digital tools into routine practice while preserving person-centred clinical support.