Current state: Assessing DNA results considering transfer

This paper presents the current state of affairs regarding how DNA scientists consider the meaning of their results in light of questions about transfer and persistence-more formally termed evaluation of forensic observations given activity-level propositions. There are varying approaches both in the United States and abroad considering the assessment of DNA results in light of alleged activities. The authors distill the variability into: 1) how to interpret : the methods used, the data considered, and whether qualitative or quantitative and 2) when to interpret : through formal reporting in advance of trial or once questions arise during testimony. A selection of scientific and legal hurdles is discussed closing with suggestions for a potential path forward with an emphasis on defining high-risk case scenarios and adapting education opportunities in the United States.