Expert Consensus on the Emergency Treatment of Oral Bleeding

Oral bleeding refers to haemorrhage occurring in the oral and maxillofacial region that does not stop spontaneously, resulting from either local factors, such as inflammation, trauma or tumours, or systemic conditions, such as haematological diseases, severe liver dysfunction or drug-related coagulopathy. Due to the abundant vascular supply in this region, blood loss can be substantial. Moreover, the admixture of blood with saliva often leads patients to mistakenly perceive the haemorrhage as more severe than it is, inducing significant anxiety. Patients with major maxillofacial trauma or systemic coagulation disorders may develop life-threatening complications including airway obstruction and hypovolemic shock. This consensus provides a framework for the emergency management of oral bleeding, encompassing pre-examination triage, principles and protocols for emergency treatment and site-specific recommendations for managing common oral haemorrhages. The aim is to standardise emergency care, assist clinicians in rapidly identifying critical conditions, achieve prompt haemostasis and ultimately improve the safety and efficiency of emergency management for patients with oral bleeding. This document is developed based on a review of the relevant literature and current clinical practices in select medical institutions and may be adapted according to the resources and circumstances of individual health care settings.