RexDrug: Reliable Multi-Drug Combination Extraction Through Reasoning-Enhanced LLMs

Automated Drug Combination Extraction (DCE) from large-scale biomedical literature is crucial for advancing precision medicine and pharmacological research. However, existing relation extraction methods primarily focus on binary interactions and struggle to model variable-length n-ary drug combinations, where complex compatibility logic and distributed evidence need to be considered. To address these limitations, we propose RexDrug, an end-to-end reasoning-enhanced relation extraction framework for n-ary drug combination extraction based on large language models. RexDrug adopts a two-stage training strategy. First, a multi-agent collaborative mechanism is utilized to automatically generate high-quality reasoning traces for supervised fine-tuning. Second, reinforcement learning with a multi-dimensional reward function specifically tailored for DCE is applied to further refine reasoning quality and extraction accuracy. Extensive computational evaluations on the DrugComb dataset show that RexDrug consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines for n-ary extraction. Additional evaluation on the DDI13 corpus confirms its generalizability to binary drug-drug interaction tasks. Human evaluation and automatic reasoning metrics further indicate that RexDrug produces coherent medical reasoning while accurately identifying complex therapeutic regimens. These results establish RexDrug as a scalable and reliable solution for complex biomedical relation extraction from unstructured text. The source code is made publicly available at: https://github.com/DUTIR-BioNLP/RexDrug.