The Intertwined Threat: How Diabetes Impacts Neurological Disorders - A Review Article

The chronic illness known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is typified by persistently high blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the latter of which is frequently referred to as "adult-onset diabetes" or "insulin-dependent diabetes," are progressing conditions with complex and poorly understood etiologies. Often, patients show positive pancreatic beta-cell antibodies, signifying an autoimmune factor. The long-term complications of uncontrolled diabetes are numerous, not just physically based and encompassing everything from kidney failure to foot ulcers and damage to the cardiovascular system, but also with serious neurological disorders, including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and epilepsy. The interplay between neurological disorders and diabetes is complex, and the association of these pathological states in their general description proposes common events, namely oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, amyloid protein aggregation, glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion skewing, and inflammation. Learning about these interconnections will help us to develop effective strategies for managing both diabetes and its neurological complications.