Diagnostic potential of exosomes in the neurodegenerative disorders and cancer

Neurodegenerative disorders are the progressive loss of function of the nervous system, in which the brain or CNS gradually die. The study related to neurodegeneration has several limitations, including the difficulty of obtaining brain tissue for pathophysiological analysis and the lack of prominent biomarkers. Similarly, the blood-brain barrier makes it more difficult to treat brain-related disorders by limiting the effectiveness of the drugs. Exosomes, a key intercellular signalling nanovesicle, transmit crucial genetic information between cells. Moreover, its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier makes it a more prominent biomarker and can even be used as a therapeutic carrier in the CNS. Exosomes also serve as excellent biomarkers for different cancer types by carrying tumor specific molecules, and might enable quick and efficient detection for a broad range of cancers. Exosomes are also involved in promoting metastasis, drug resistance, and manipulation of the immune system to facilitate tumor growth. In this study, we highlight recent studies that have demonstrated the utility of exosome-based biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Disease) and different types of cancers (Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Brain Cancer).