From Evolutionary Genomics to Conservation Action: Gibbon as a System for Integrative Primate Genomics

The field of primate conservation genomics is at a pivotal transition from resource accumulation to translational application. A core challenge remains: how to translate evolutionary genomic discoveries into actionable conservation strategies, rather than treating genomic metrics as end-point indicators in isolation. Gibbons, an iconic primate lineage defined by rapid adaptive radiation, extreme genome structural remodeling, derived brachiation locomotion, and global conservation priority status, offer an exemplary system to explore the integration of evolutionary genomics and conservation biology. Multi-temporal genomic data, spanning extant populations, subfossil remains, and historical museum specimens, now offer unprecedented resolution to trace extinct lineages, establish pre-anthropogenic genetic diversity baselines, and dissect the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. Nonetheless, there is a growing risk of overinterpreting genomic indicators in conservation planning, without accounting for ecological context, population demography, habitat dynamics, and local management realities, creating a persistent gap between genomic discovery and on-the-ground conservation impact. Against this backdrop, this review synthesizes gibbon genomic research to propose a framework from evolutionary reconstruction and multidimensional vulnerability assessment to conservation intervention and long-term dynamic monitoring. We clarify the supporting role of genomic evidence in conservation decision-making, and delineate a practicable pathway for integrating genomics with field ecology and conservation management. Beyond gibbons, this paradigm provides a generalizable reference for conservation genomic practice across endangered primates and vertebrates more broadly.