Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Atorvastatin and Rutin Co-Loaded Nanoliposomes for Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory...

Liposomal drug-delivery systems can improve the formulation performance of poorly soluble compounds by enhancing aqueous dispersion, protecting encapsulated agents, and modifying release behavior. Co-encapsulation of pharmacologically distinct compounds may provide a formulation strategy for comparing combined delivery with a single agent nanoliposomal system. This study aimed to develop and characterize atorvastatin-rutin co-loaded nanoliposomes and to compare their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and SRB-based cytotoxic activity with the corresponding free-drug and single-loaded nanoliposomal formulations. Nanoliposomes were prepared by thin-film hydration and characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, lyophilization-associated retention of encapsulation efficiency, morphology, and in vitro release. A reverse-phase HPLC method was validated for simultaneous atorvastatin and rutin quantification, and lyophilized formulations were evaluated for retention of encapsulation efficiency. In vitro assays included DPPH radical scavenging, nitrite inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and SRB-based cytotoxicity screening across human cancer cell lines and normal periodontal ligament fibroblasts. The co-loaded nanoliposomes achieved encapsulation efficiencies of 88.46% for atorvastatin and 81.74% for rutin; after lyophilization, encapsulation efficiency decreased to 72.31% for atorvastatin and 76.63% for rutin. The nanoliposomal formulations showed measurable DPPH radical-scavenging activity, nitrite-inhibition activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and SRB-based antiproliferative activity in several cancer cell lines, while showing no detectable cytotoxicity toward PDL fibroblasts within the tested concentration range. With exquisite similarity to apoptogenic Anti-VEGF antiangiogenesis chemotherapeutic efficacies ofcisplatin; nanoliposomal atorvastatin and co-loaded atorvastatin with rutin were remarkably comparable (in descending order of human VEGF mitigations) in mammary T47D> uterine cervix HeLa> lung A549 adherent monolayers post 72 h incubations. These findings support further investigation of atorvastatin-rutin co-loaded nanoliposomes as an in vitro formulation platform; however, formal synergy analysis, cellular uptake studies, mechanistic assays, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and in vivo safety testing remain necessary. Further in vivo studies are required to determine pharmacokinetic behavior, tissue distribution, therapeutic relevance, and systemic safety.