Oxidative Stress as a Pathophysiological Core of Obesity: Preclinical Evidence for Antioxidant-Based Therapy...

Obesity is increasingly recognized as a complex metabolic disorder characterized by persistent redox imbalance, rather than merely excess body weight. Its pathophysiology extends beyond energy imbalance to encompass chronic redox disruption. Expansion of adipose tissue, particularly in visceral depots, exceeds mitochondrial capacity, impairs antioxidant defenses such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and perpetuates chronic low-grade inflammation via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase pathways. This review synthesizes preclinical evidence for diverse interventions, including vitamins A, B, C, E, and D; minerals such as zinc and selenium; amino acids such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), L-carnitine, and taurine; various antioxidant compounds; and approved drugs including metformin, exenatide, fenofibrate, and orlistat. Despite differing structures and mechanisms, these interventions converge on restoring redox balance by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), increasing glutathione, and stabilizing mitochondria. However, translation of these preclinical findings into clinical practice requires further clarification of dosing, delivery methods, and long-term safety.