From Follicle Development to Fertilization: How PCBs and PFAS May Shape Female Reproductive Health

Endocrine system hormones regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These hormones often function at low concentrations, making them especially susceptible to disruption via endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can mimic, block, or disturb normal hormone signaling. Among these EDCs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of special concern for human health because they are persistent and bioaccumulate. In this review, we focus on effects of PCBs and PFAS on female reproduction, with emphasis on steroidogenesis, ovarian function, fertility, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. We describe the chemical properties and exposure routes of PCBs and PFAS, and how these features explain their long half-lives and ability to transfer to the female reproductive system and fetus. Evidence suggests that both PCBs and PFAS can reduce follicle numbers, disturb oocyte quality, and increase oxidative stress and apoptosis. Human and animal data also link PCB and PFAS exposure with altered ART outcomes. Together, the literature indicates that persistent exposure to PCBs and PFAS poses a significant and long-lasting risk to female reproductive health.