Functions and mechanisms of miR-650 in human diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single-stranded, small non-coding RNAs that play central roles in gene expression regulation. Among them, miR-650 has received increasing attention over the past decade because it regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, cell cycle control, immune responses, and development. miR-650 has been studied in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease contexts. This review summarizes the expression characteristics of miR-650 in human diseases and discusses its roles in disease initiation and progression, the pathways in which it participates, and the upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms involved. We also discuss the potential clinical value of miR-650 in disease diagnosis and therapy. Defining shared pathways across diseases and disease-subtype-specific expression patterns within miR-650-related regulatory networks may help identify more precise therapeutic targets.