Methodological Approaches in the Evaluation of Platelet Structure and Function: An Instrumental Perspective

Platelets are anucleate yet metabolically active cells that play essential roles in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation by rapidly responding to vascular injury and maintaining vascular integrity. Alteration of platelets can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic complications. Therefore, studying their structural and functional properties is essential for understanding their roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Recent advances in experimental techniques have revolutionized platelet research. It has allowed high-resolution structural visualization, precise functional assessment, and detailed mapping of interplatelet interactions. Recently, platelet count and structure have been assessed using specialized techniques. For example, automated hematology analyzers provide accurate platelet counts, while light and electron microscopy reveal platelet morphology and ultrastructure. Flow cytometry evaluates platelet size, granularity, and surface markers. In addition, the platelet function is assessed through different instruments and assays. For example, adhesion is studied using microscopy-based assays, aggregation by light transmission aggregometry. Similarly, activation, and secretion are measured by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. The clot retraction is evaluated using Sonoclot or thromboelastography. Although, several studies have described techniques for assessing the platelet count, structure and function, a single comprehensive narrative review is lacking. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current techniques for assessing platelet structure and function. We also cover both classical and newly developed methods. We highlight recent technical advances and analytical challenges. In addition, we discuss innovations such as artificial intelligence-assisted data analysis. This review aims to help researchers select appropriate methods for studying platelet biology and its role in health and disease.