[Novel therapeutic strategies for liver metastases driven by the common microenvironment]

The liver is one of the most common target organs for distant metastasis from various malignant tumors. Once liver metastases develop, they often indicate a poor prognosis and may be accompanied with reduced therapeutic responses.Whether cancer cells originating from different primary sites can further colonize, survive, and form metastatic lesions after entering the liver is closely related to the liver's unique immune-tolerant state and alterations in vascular structures and metabolic microenvironment. Although different tumors have distinct tissue origins and molecular characteristics, they are often influenced by similar microenvironmental factors during intrahepatic progression and exhibit certain functional convergence. Based on this characteristic, different diseases treated with the same method aimed at liver cancer metastases possess certain theoretical and practical significance. Herein, the main characteristics of the liver's immune microenvironment are organized and discussed, with a focus on immunotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, and convergent therapy strategies involving emerging targets such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and claudin-18.2, with the aim of providing a reference for the comprehensive treatment approaches for metastatic liver cancer.