Cannabidiol in small animal practice: current evidence, clinical applications and practical recommendations for dogs...

Cannabidiol has gained increasing attention in small animal practice as a potential adjunctive therapy for a variety of conditions, including osteoarthritis, epilepsy and anxiety-related disorders. This mini-review summarises current clinical evidence in dogs and cats, highlights key limitations and provides practical recommendations for clinicians. Recent studies suggest that cannabidiol may improve pain and mobility in canine osteoarthritis and reduce seizure frequency in refractory epilepsy, although results remain variable. Evidence supporting anxiolytic effects appears more consistent in chronic stress conditions than in acute fear responses. In cats, clinical data are limited, although preliminary studies have evaluated osteoarthritis-associated pain, chronic gingivostomatitis, behavioural responses, pharmacokinetics and safety. Mild adverse effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances and sedation, have been reported in both dogs and cats. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity have been repeatedly reported in dogs, although their clinical significance remains uncertain and monitoring is advisable during prolonged administration. Drug interactions, particularly those involving cytochrome P450 pathways, should also be considered when cannabidiol is administered concurrently with other medications. Overall, current evidence supports cautious, selective use of cannabidiol as an adjunctive rather than primary therapy. While evidence is strongest for canine osteoarthritis and epilepsy, further standardised clinical trials are required to establish optimal dosing strategies, long-term safety and evidence-based clinical guidelines for veterinary practice.