Seasonal dynamics of wood formation for tropical trees growing in Southeast Asia

Tropical forests in Southeast Asia are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth and are critical for carbon storage, water regulation, and climate stabilization. Yet, these forests face severe threats from deforestation due to illegal logging, agricultural expansion, and urban development. Conservation efforts and sustainable forest management are thus important in preserving their biodiversity and maintaining ecological functions. Studies on cambial activity in tropical trees provide valuable insights into species-specific adaptation strategies and the process underlying wood development. Unlike temperate forests, where growth rings clearly indicate seasonal patterns, tropical trees exhibit diverse and often irregular growth responses due to indistinct seasonal conditions. The environmental factors influencing cambial activity in trees remain poorly understood, restricting the accuracy of predictive models for tree growth carbon sequestration potential, and climate resilience. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on how climatic factors and phenological events influence cambial activity across different tropical forest types in Southeast Asia. In addition, it identifies the shortcomings in existing research and proposes directions for future studies. By linking cambial activity in trees with environmental factors, this review provides valuable perspectives for ecologists, policymakers, and forest managers seeking to enhance sustainable forest management and conservation strategies in one of the world's most ecologically significant regions.