Dynamic centrosomes: functional diversity and remodeling across cell types

The centrosome is an evolutionarily conserved, microtubule-based organelle that has pronounced cell type-specific functions. In somatic cells, it serves as the primary microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), regulating chromosome segregation and contributing to asymmetric cell division and ciliogenesis. Although traditionally considered structurally stable, increasing evidence indicates that centrosomes can undergo extensive remodeling or even complete elimination in specialized cell types. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the molecular basis of these processes. For example, during oogenesis, CDK1-mediated phosphorylation of SAS-6 disrupts its phase separation, thus promoting cartwheel disassembly and centriole elimination. Building on these advances, this review summarizes the dynamic behaviors and fates of centrosomes across diverse cell types, with a particular focus on oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and neurodevelopment, and discusses the emerging molecular mechanisms that regulate centrosome remodeling. We further highlight the potential links between dysregulated centrosome dynamics and human diseases, including cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders, and infertility, and discuss centrosome regulators as potential therapeutic targets. A deeper understanding of centrosome dynamics is expected to provide new insights into both fundamental cell biology and the development of targeted interventions.