Ultrasound Techniques for Suspected Malignant Pleural Effusion and Nonexpandable Lung

The diagnosis of exudative pleural effusions can be challenging; this is particularly true for malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Current diagnostic algorithms are inadequate. Because of the low sensitivity of pleural fluid cytology, individuals with suspected MPE often require further invasive procedures. This underscores the importance of noninvasive tools for the prompt workup of MPE. Advances in ultrasound technology have improved diagnostic capabilities for various malignancies, but its role in the workup of MPE is yet to be established. This review explores the potential of various ultrasound techniques as a noninvasive tool for the workup of suspected MPE.