Decoding Vascular Senescence: Cellular Insights and Therapeutic Strategies

Vascular aging is a dynamic biological process contributing to systemic organismal decay. This review elucidates the heterogeneous cellular phenotypes and microenvironmental remodeling across macrovascular and microvascular beds. These multifaceted pathological shifts are integrated into a unified tripartite framework of twelve hallmarks of vascular aging. These specific molecular dimensions ultimately dictate the clinical divergence between early vascular aging (EVA) and the supernormal vascular aging (SUPERNOVA) phenotype. Furthermore, vascular aging serves as a primary key driver of distant organ dysfunction. Based on these mechanistic insights, we summarize current behavioral and pharmacological senotherapeutic strategies targeting aged blood vessels. This systematic analysis provides critical benchmarks for deciphering vascular senescence and promoting healthy longevity.