Pharmacogenomics in the United Arab Emirates: advances in population genomics and challenges in clinical...

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a key component of precision medicine, linking genetic variation to drug response, effectiveness, and toxicity. However, Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) populations remain underrepresented in global genomic databases, limiting PGx's clinical utility in these regions. This review examines the current state of pharmacogenomics in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), focusing on genomic initiatives, population-specific variation, and challenges in clinical implementation. National genomic programs, including the Emirati Genome Program, have begun to address this gap by generating ancestry-specific data. Studies of UAE populations reveal clinically relevant variation in pharmacogenes that affect commonly used drugs such as warfarin, clopidogrel, and statins, as well as rare and understudied variants with potential functional impact. Additional evidence highlights the role of HLA diversity and genetic factors in metabolic and inflammatory conditions. Despite these advances, implementation remains constrained by gaps in healthcare professional education, infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and public awareness. The UAE is well-positioned to advance PGx through targeted clinical integration, the development of local reference systems, and strengthened policy support. These efforts are essential to enable effective, population-specific precision medicine in the region.