Astrocyte transformation in glioblastoma: pathways supporting tumor aggressiveness

Glioblastomas, the most common primary malignant brain tumors, are characterized by their aggressive nature and poor prognosis. One significant aspect of glioblastoma biology is the transformation of astrocytes into a reactive state that supports tumor progression. This transformation is mediated by various signaling factors secreted by tumor cells, including extracellular vesicles carrying non‑coding RNAs and other bioactive molecules. This review explores the regulatory mechanisms and pathways linking glioblastoma and astrocytes and summarizes currently available in vitro models to study these interactions. Understanding the relationships between tumor cells and astrocytes is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets to combat this aggressive tumor.