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Updated: Oct 1, 2026
Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol
Published on: August 18, 2023
Skill Transfer From 3D-Printed Temporal Bone Training to Cadaveric Mastoidectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Santiago L Vallejos Riart1, Francisco Marques da Silva Neto2, Robinson Koji Tsuji1
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
Objective:
To determine whether structured precadaveric simulation training using a 3D-printed temporal bone model improves mastoidectomy performance during cadaveric dissection among novice otolaryngology residents.
Study Design:
Prospective randomized controlled trial.
Setting:
Temporal bone laboratory of a tertiary academic medical center.
Participants:
Thirty otolaryngology residents without prior mastoidectomy experience.
Intervention:
Participants were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group completed a 2-hour structured simulation session using a 3D-printed temporal bone model (Auris-Otobone) before cadaveric dissection, whereas the control group received standard theoretical instruction. All residents subsequently performed a simple cadaveric mastoidectomy under standardized laboratory conditions without instructor assistance.
Main Outcome Measures:
Technical performance was assessed using the 25-item Modified Welling Scale by 5 blinded expert otologists. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Group differences were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model.
Results:
Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups except for sex distribution. The intervention group achieved significantly higher global Modified Welling Scale scores than the control group (16.44±2.62 vs. 12.28±2.63), corresponding to a mean difference of 4.16 points (95% CI: 2.68-5.64; P<0.001). Variance analysis showed that most score variability was attributable to differences between residents rather than evaluators, and the adjusted ICC indicated moderate inter-rater agreement (∼0.56).
Conclusions:
Structured precadaveric simulation training using a 3D-printed temporal bone model was associated with improved mastoidectomy performance among novice otolaryngology residents. These findings suggest that 3D-printed temporal bone models may represent a useful adjunct within otologic simulation curricula, particularly for early technical skill acquisition before cadaveric dissection.
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