Imaging of Ceratopteris richardii Root Anatomy

Here, we present detailed protocols for histological staining and imaging of root cross sections of the fern Ceratopteris richardii, providing high-resolution visualization of cellular and tissue structures essential for understanding root development, nutrient and water uptake, and responses to environmental cues. This chapter describes the preparation of root samples, fixation, embedding, sectioning, and the application of specific histological stains that highlight key anatomical features, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, vascular tissues, and root cap. The protocol also covers imaging techniques using confocal microscopy to obtain clear, reproducible images suitable for quantitative and qualitative analyses. This standardized approach facilitates comparative studies of root anatomy and development, offering a valuable tool for plant developmental biology research while ensuring the preservation of tissue morphology.