Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 2, 2026
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
Published on: October 18, 2024
Development and pilot implementation of CERMATA: A digital referral-based vision screening platform for Indonesian
Kianti Raisa Darusman1,2,3,4, Alicia Kartika1, Christella Caroline2,3
1Indonesia Health Development Center (IHDC), Jakarta, Indonesia.
Background:
Refractive error is a leading treatable cause of visual impairment among school-aged children, yet implementation of standardized school-based vision screening remains inconsistent in many low- and middle-income countries. CERMATA is a web-based digital platform that integrates the validated WHOeyes mobile application with referral management and program monitoring.
Methods:
This cross-sectional pilot implementation study evaluated the operational feasibility and preliminary screening performance of CERMATA in two primary schools participating in the initial implementation phase of the CERMATA program in Jakarta, Indonesia. Seventy-two children aged 9-12 years completed both CERMATA screening and standardized Snellen visual acuity assessment on the same day. Referral-level reduced visual acuity was defined as presenting visual acuity worse than 6/9 in either eye. Screening performance, agreement, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were evaluated at the participant level using the poorer eye.
Results:
According to the Snellen reference assessment, 58 participants (80.6%) met the referral criterion. CERMATA demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.6%, specificity of 71.4%, positive predictive value of 93.3%, negative predictive value of 83.3%, and overall accuracy of 91.7%. Agreement with the reference assessment was substantial (κ = 0.719), and ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.914; 95% CI, 0.83-1.00). All participants included in the screening performance analysis completed both assessments, supporting the operational feasibility of the screening workflow.
Conclusion:
In this pilot implementation study, CERMATA demonstrated promising screening performance and operational feasibility for identifying reduced vision in older primary school-aged children. Larger multicenter implementation studies are warranted to confirm its performance, scalability, and integration into routine eye-care pathways before national-scale implementation.
