Research advances in red ginseng polysaccharides: preparation, structural characteristics and immunomodulatory effect

Red ginseng is a processed product of ginseng through steaming. Its polysaccharides differ in structure and biological activity from those of ginseng. Red ginseng polysaccharides are mostly acidic polysaccharides and have various biological activities. It is worth noting that its immunomodulatory effect has become an important area of research. Pharmacological studies have shown that polysaccharides from red ginseng can enhance immunity through various pathways, such as affecting immune cell activity, regulating cytokine levels, promoting immune organ development, and regulating gut microbiota. In addition, red ginseng polysaccharide has other pharmacological effects, such as anti-diabetic effect, anti-Alzheimer's disease effect, health benefits for the skin, anticancer effect, and cardioprotective effect. This article reviews the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activity of polysaccharides from red ginseng to elucidate their pharmacological effects and potential molecular mechanisms. In addition, this review also discusses the current research status of red ginseng polysaccharides, pointed out the existing gaps, and proposed innovative perspectives for better development of red ginseng polysaccharides.