Agent-based models in dietary behaviour: a scoping review

Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) simulates complex systems characterised by individual interactions and decision-making, making it valuable for studying dietary behaviour. This scoping review evaluated dietary-based ABM studies. Diet-related ABM studies published in peer-reviewed journals were eligible. Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched in May 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42023457091). A narrative synthesis of the included studies was then conducted. Risk of bias was assessed using bespoke ABM quality criteria. Across 30 eligible studies, 15 tested interventions, some testing multiple pricing policies (7 studies) effectively reduced unhealthy consumption but exacerbated inequities; environmental modifications (6 studies) showed context-dependent success; social norm campaigns (4 studies) had mixed results. Fifteen non-intervention studies revealed key behavioural drivers like social networks and early food exposure. Three notable limitations were identified: 1) relatively few (11/30) studies explicitly applied behavioural/social theories; 2) notable methodological limitations; 3) none of the included studies engaged stakeholder viewpoints to ensure that the tested interventions were feasible or acceptable and that the ABM modelled the lived experiences of the target population. Future research should address these issues to ensure that the promise of ABM in understanding dietary choices is more fully realised.