Potential explanations for the observed cardiovascular risk profile in military personnel: narrative review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality in Poland and constitute a major public health burden. While traditional risk factors are well described in the general population, less is known about their distribution in specific occupational groups, including military personnel, who may be exposed to unique work-related cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this narrative review was to compare the prevalence and profile of major modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in the general Polish population and military personnel and to discuss potential mechanisms underlying the observed cardiovascular risk profile in military populations. This descriptive-analytical study was based on secondary data analysis of epidemiological studies and national reports. Cardiovascular risk factors were highly prevalent in both populations. In military personnel, despite health selection and physical fitness requirements, a substantial proportion presented with overweight, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure, often underdiagnosed. Smoking prevalence remained high in some military subgroups, while suboptimal diet and irregular routines contributed to risk accumulation. Additionally, military personnel may be exposed to chronic stress and other harmful environmental factors. The coexistence and interaction of multiple risk factors highlight the need for targeted, occupation-specific prevention strategies. Expanding CVD prevention to include interventions tailored to military service conditions, including environmental exposures and psychosocial stressors, may improve early detection and reduce long-term cardiovascular burden. Addressing cardiovascular health in this group is essential for maintaining both individual health and operational readiness. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2026;39(4):419-30.