Remedial applications of biosynthesized metal oxide nanoparticles against pathogenic microorganisms

The biosynthetically prepared metal oxide nanoparticles, which function effectively as antimicrobial agents, are used considerably to lessen the harmful effects posed by microorganisms that have become antibiotic-resistant and have kept spreading ever more on a vast scale in environments. The increasing adversity in the biomedical field necessitates the development of materials that fulfill biomedical requirements, and biosynthesized nanoparticles have received significant attention, as they offer substantial benefits by being biocompatible-the critical parameter in need. This review explores assorted metal oxide nanoparticles like aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, cadmium oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, samarium oxide, silver oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide; synthesis methods assisted with biomolecules, including doped metal oxides and their nanocomposites; and it also investigates their physicochemical properties, factors affecting antimicrobial efficacy, and potential to replace conventional antibiotics. The main objective is to provide an in-depth review of biomolecule-assisted metal oxide nanoparticles as effective, sustainable, and promising antimicrobial agents for promoting good health.