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Construction and multi-center validation of a model based on blending ensemble learning for predicting
Xinying Liu1,2, Qiang Fu1,2, Shuo Yang1,2
1First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
Background:
Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a common and serious infectious complication following acute ischemic stroke (AIS), leading to worsened clinical outcomes. We aimed to develop and validate a novel predictive model based on Blending Ensemble Learning, to enable early, precise screening and individualized risk stratification for SAP.
Methods:
In this multi-center study, a derivation cohort was initially established using 1,123 patients admitted between 2022 and 2024. Subsequently, 199 patients were prospectively enrolled in early 2025 as a temporal validation set, and 287 patients were extracted from a regional health big data platform (covering 12 hospitals) to serve as an external validation set. High-value clinical and biomarker features were identified via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. To overcome the limitations of single classifiers, a Blending Ensemble Learning strategy was adopted to construct the final predictive model. The model underwent comprehensive evaluation for discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility, and was benchmarked against single random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models.
Results:
Seventeen predictors were identified, including systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and D-dimer. The Blending ensemble model demonstrated superior discrimination in the validation cohort, achieving an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of 0.898 (95% CI: 0.845-0.951), which significantly outperformed the optimal single model. Furthermore, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis highlighted hyperinflammation, immunothrombosis, and nutritional depletion as pivotal mechanisms driving SAP pathogenesis.
Conclusion:
The proposed Blending ensemble model exhibits excellent generalizability and high sensitivity. The accompanying web-based tool provides robust decision support for identifying high-risk patients and implementing early precision interventions.