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Venoms of Parasitoid Wasps: Diversity, Functions, and Evolutionary Insights
Gongyin Ye1, Xinhai Ye2, Qisheng Song3
1State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
Abstract:
The venoms of parasitoid wasps are crucial for the successful development of their offspring within or on arthropod hosts because they manipulate host physiology and behavior. Recent advancements in high-throughput omics (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) have revolutionized the study of parasitoid wasp venoms. These rapidly developing technologies have provided significant insights into many aspects of venom biology. However, despite the rapid pace of venom protein discovery through venomics approaches, functional studies have lagged. We summarize the current state of venom protein research in parasitoid wasps, highlighting how venomics has greatly expanded the discovery of venom proteins. We review the diverse biological functions and underlying mechanisms of venom proteins in regulating host immune responses, development, metabolism, and behavior. In addition, we emphasize the rapid evolutionary turnover of venom-encoding genes and discuss how venomics data can trace their evolutionary trajectories, highlighting their diversification and complex evolutionary history.
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