Mobile Applications and Wearable Digital Tools for Suicide Prevention

Background: Suicide is a major public health concern and a leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Digital interventions (DIs) are technology-based tools designed to support healthcare systems. Aims: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of mobile applications and wearable digital tools on suicidal ideation. Method: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO from January 2010 to April 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies include quantitative designs and assess mobile or wearable technologies targeting suicide prevention, with suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, or suicide deaths as outcomes. Results: Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria (N = 16,731), including adolescents, adults, and high-risk populations. DIs included mobile apps, wearable monitoring tools, web platforms, and integrated systems. Seven of nine studies reported reductions in suicidal ideation; however, no included studies assessed suicide attempts or suicide deaths. Several studies found modest short-term improvements in depression and anxiety. Apps with passive monitoring or structured therapeutic modules showed higher engagement, although adherence declined over time. Adolescents and high-risk groups showed high acceptability. Limitations: First, the studies vary considerably in design, intervention type, and target population, making direct comparisons difficult. Second, many studies had small samples and short follow-ups, limiting assessment of long-term effects. Third, all studies focused on suicidal ideation, with none examining attempts or mortality, reducing clinical relevance. Finally, suicide is complex, influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, yet most DIs target ideation alone without a multidisciplinary approach. Conclusion: DI appears acceptable and potentially beneficial for suicide prevention, particularly with respect to suicidal ideation, while no conclusions can be drawn regarding suicide attempts or mortality. Although engagement and acceptability are high, further research should evaluate long-term effectiveness and systematically include suicide attempts and deaths as outcomes.