Angiotensin II and cAMP signaling pathways regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in human adrenocortical...

Mitochondrial homeostasis, governed by the balance between biogenesis and mitophagy, is essential for steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells. While the requirement of active mitochondria for steroid synthesis is well-established, the hormonal regulation of genes governing mitochondrial function remains poorly understood. This study investigated whether angiotensin II (Ang II) and the cAMP/PKA pathway modulate the expression of key regulatory factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and redox status in the human adrenocortical H295R cell line. Using real-time qPCR and Western blot, we show that Ang II and 8Br-cAMP-a permeant analog of cAMP-modulate NRF-1, Nrf2, UCP2, and ANT1 impacting on mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defense, and respiratory activity. These molecular changes correlated with increased mitochondrial membrane polarization, as confirmed by MitoTracker red staining. Interestingly, Ang II stimulation promoted a time-dependent increase in TFAM levels, a key transcription factor in mitochondria, which correlates with the increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. The rate of oxygen consumption (OCR) and mitochondrial parameters were determined, with results showing that Ang II led to a significant increase in basal and maximum respiration, ATP production, and proton leak. These findings suggest that hormone stimulation favors mitochondrial activity, thereby enhancing the bioenergetic capacity of adrenocortical cells. Furthermore, treatment with the uncoupler CCCP triggered a retrograde signaling response, upregulating nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes to counteract mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that hormonal signals directly modulate the mitochondrial genetic program in H295R human adrenocortical cells, optimizing the bioenergetic platform required for efficient steroidogenic function.