Network reorganization of anterograde thalamic connectivity during non-periodic patterned deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) can reduce seizures in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, seizure freedom is rare, and there is no early response biomarker to predict long-term seizure suppression. To evaluate a candidate short-term biomarker of therapeutic response to DBS, we studied 18-min trials of ANT stimulation in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing intracranial electroencephalography. We compared a standard high-frequency periodic versus a non-periodic pulse pattern. We found that short-term ANT stimulation within the clinically used amplitude range preferentially altered the first 150 ms of anterograde ANT to anterior cingulate and superior frontal connectivity. Non-periodic ANT stimulation selectively modified early cortico-cortical evoked potentials more than periodic stimulation, and these changes were driven by the response phase. These pattern-specific changes in connectivity between the ANT and spatially restricted cortical areas suggest differing mechanisms and are a promising candidate biomarker for patients being treated with ANT-DBS.