Interactions Among Three-Tier Factors of Community Safety Resilience: A Dual-Perspective Analysis

Enhancing community safety resilience (CSR) is critical for sustainable urban development. Disregarding the complex interactions among CSR factors may cause imbalanced resilience building, limiting a community's capacity to respond to uncertain disasters. This study aims to identify principal CSR factors and examine their interaction mechanisms in the context of Chinese urban communities. We identified 101 factors spanning government, community, and personal tiers. Their interactions were assessed via expert elicitation and analyzed using directed weighted network theory and a modified susceptible-infectious-recovered model. The factor interaction network exhibits a sparse, highly modular, core-periphery structure with small-world and scale-free properties. Community-level governance and infrastructure, together with personal-level physiological and psychological factors, serve as both hubs and intermediary bridges. Government-level top-level design, organizational leadership, and support and investment act as primary drivers, critical in initiating and mitigating risk propagation. Fundamental risk mitigation, especially under dual perturbations, depends on government action, whereas community-level factors are vital for localized response. These findings provide an analytical foundation for prioritizing interventions and designing system-sensitive strategies to enhance CSR.