Comparative acaricidal effects of propolis samples from different regions of Türkiye against Varroa destructor

Varroa destructor is one of the most destructive ectoparasites affecting honey bee colonies worldwide, highlighting the need for alternative and naturally derived control strategies. In this study, propolis samples collected from three different regions of Türkiye (Giresun, Isparta, and Ardahan) were evaluated primarily for their acaricidal activity against V. destructor, together with chemical characterization and complementary antioxidant and antibacterial analyses. Propolis extracts demonstrated pronounced acaricidal activity, with mite mortality ranging from 71 to 100% during the 7-h exposure period. Survival analysis further demonstrated significant differences in mortality kinetics among the tested concentrations, indicating a marked time- and concentration-related response to propolis exposure. HPLC and GC-MS analyses revealed chemically diverse profiles containing phenolic acids, flavonoids, and aromatic constituents, including pinocembrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). Regional differences were also observed in antioxidant and antibacterial activities, with Ardahan propolis generally exhibiting a richer chemical profile and stronger biological activity. Overall, these findings demonstrate substantial acaricidal activity of Turkish propolis against V. destructor under laboratory conditions and support further investigation of propolis-derived preparations as potential natural components of integrated Varroa management strategies. However, additional studies evaluating efficacy and honey bee safety under colony conditions are required before practical application can be recommended.