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Creating nurturing environments: Addressing domestic violence to improve early childhood development outcomes

Pragya Bhuwania1,2, Amy Raub1, Alfredo Martin1

  • 1WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Global Public Health
|October 7, 2026
PubMed

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Relationships with Peers During Infancy and Toddlerhood

Infants and toddlers show early interest in peers, especially children of similar age and developmental level. Between 6 and 12 months, infants increasingly touch, smile at, and babble to one another. These brief interactions often happen alongside individual play rather than as coordinated activity.Early Peer InteractionAround the first birthday, children begin sharing objects, making eye contact, smiling, and approaching peers. Behaviors such as hitting, grabbing, or repeated touching may...
Socioemotional Development during Infancy01:30

Socioemotional Development during Infancy

Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
Primary Temperament Types
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Crying Patterns During Infancy and Toddlerhood

Crying is an important form of communication during infancy, and different crying patterns can signal different needs or states. Infants can produce different cries associated with hunger, anger, and pain. These patterns vary in rhythm, intensity, and onset, helping caregivers recognize what an infant may be expressing.Types of Infant CriesThe basic cry is often associated with hunger. It typically follows a rhythmic sequence of crying, a brief pause, and an inward breath. This inhalation may...
Socialization and Self-Regulation During Toddlerhood01:31

Socialization and Self-Regulation During Toddlerhood

Socialization is the developmental process through which children learn the habits, skills, values, and motives needed to function effectively in society. It begins within the family and later expands to peers, schools, and cultural institutions.From Compliance to InternalizationEarly socialization often involves compliance, in which children follow parental expectations to gain approval or rewards and avoid punishment. With development, compliance gradually shifts toward internalization, the...
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Community Based Intervention

Community-based interventions in mental health represent a paradigm shift from institution-centered care to treatments embedded within the fabric of local communities. By prioritizing inclusion and leveraging existing societal structures, this approach fosters a supportive environment conducive to addressing mental health challenges while promoting individual dignity and agency.
Foundations of Community Mental Health Programs
Central to the success of community-based interventions is the...