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Sodium hypochlorite for 3D-printed denture base resins disinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gabriel Pereira Nunes1, Luciana Solera Sales2, Geórgia Rondó Peres3
1Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
Objectives:
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its effects on the properties of 3D-printed denture base resins.
Data Sources:
Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched through October 01, 2026.
Study Selection:
Studies assessing the antimicrobial activity and/or effects of NaOCl on 3D-printed denture base resins were included. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan, and risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies (QUIN).
Results:
Twenty-one in vitro studies were included. NaOCl concentrations ranged from 0.25% to 1%, with 1% providing most of the quantitative evidence. Compared with negative controls, 1% NaOCl showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans (MD = -4.53), increased color change (SMD = 1.51) and surface roughness (MD = 0.04 µm), and reduced hardness (SMD = -0.88), flexural strength (MD = -7.56 MPa), and elastic modulus (MD = -371.45 MPa). Compared with commercial disinfectants, 1% NaOCl caused greater color change than Corega® and Fittydent® and greater roughness than Efferdent®, but lower roughness and hardness than Fittydent®. Values were similar to Corega® for roughness and hardness, Listerine® for color change and roughness, and Efferdent® for color change. QUIN indicated low risk of bias.
Conclusions:
NaOCl showed activity against C. albicans but may adversely affect material properties, particularly at 1%. Evidence is insufficient to establish an optimal concentration, exposure time, or frequency. Lower concentrations warrant further investigation to determine whether microbial control can be achieved while preserving material properties.
Clinical Relevance:
NaOCl showed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans on 3D-printed denture base resins. Although 1% NaOCl significantly affected some material properties, these differences were not uniformly clinically relevant. The available evidence does not support a specific protocol for clinical use. Lower NaOCl concentrations should be further investigated before recommendations regarding concentration, exposure time, and frequency can be established.