Dynamical Modulation of Dual-Band Thermal Emission in a Graphene-2D-hBN-LiV₂O₅ Heterostructure

Dynamic control of thermal emission across multiple infrared bands is crucial for thermal camouflage, molecular sensing, and reconfigurable infrared energy management. However, most emitters rely on broadband, incoherent radiation, limiting spectral precision, and practical tunability. Here, we demonstrate a dynamically tunable dual-band thermal emission platform based on a van der Waals heterostructure integrating graphene, two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) and LiV₂O₅. Plasmon-phonon coupling produces five hybrid polariton branches (LP₁, UP₁, LP₂, MP₂ and UP₂), enabling narrowband emission in two mid-infrared windows within a compact stack. To quantify the coupling physics and guide reconfiguration, we develop coupled harmonic oscillator models using two-mode and three-mode interaction frameworks. These models enable extraction of Rabi splitting energies, mode composition and strong-coupling regimes, and they show excellent agreement with numerical simulations. We obtain Rabi splittings of 8.42 meV in the 2D-hBN channel and 4.32 meV in the LiV₂O₅ channel. Increasing the hBN thickness strengthens short-wavelength confinement and raises the maximum splitting to 27.72 meV. The emitter achieves $Q$ up to 138.97 and $FO{M}_{\lambda }$ up to 49.33, providing a practical and compact platform for tunable mid-infrared sources for adaptive thermal control, molecular detection, and multispectral imaging.