Nanozymes in Tumor Microenvironment Modulation for Cancer Therapy

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central regulatory role in malignant tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, and its complexity and dynamic heterogeneity markedly limit the efficacy of current treatment strategies. Therefore, the development of novel functional materials capable of effectively remodeling the TME and alleviating immunosuppression and therapeutic tolerance has become an important research direction in cancer therapy. In recent years, nanozymes, as a class of nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking catalytic activity, have shown broad potential in TME intervention and the enhancement of cancer therapy owing to their excellent physicochemical stability, tunable structural properties, and multiple biomimetic enzyme-like activities. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in nanozyme-mediated regulation of the TME. First, the basic concepts, catalytic properties, and functional classifications of nanozymes are introduced. Subsequently, the mechanisms by which nanozymes remodel the TME and enhance cancer therapy are discussed from the key dimensions of the redox microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, and immune microenvironment. Finally, the major challenges, barriers to clinical translation, and future development directions in this field are highlighted. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and research perspectives for the further study, rational design, and translational application of nanozymes in cancer therapy.