Cell-Laden 3D-Bioprinted Artificial Skin Grafts for Tissue Engineering Wound Healing

In recent years, with the rapid advancement of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, cell-laden 3D bioprinting has emerged as a key driving force in the construction of functional artificial skin grafts. By precisely controlling the three-dimensional spatial distribution of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors, this technology can replicate the complex hierarchical structure and physiological functions of native skin. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key research advances recently achieved in the field of cell-laden 3D bioprinting of artificial skin. In this review, we summarize the physiological architecture of native skin, the selection and enhancement of common bioinks, strategies to improve cellular responses during printing, analysis of 3D bioprinting technologies and fabrication approaches, and the opportunities and challenges of clinical translation, aiming to provide optimized insights for the preparation of cell-laden 3D bioprinted artificial skin grafts. It systematically examines the biomimetic structural principles of engineered skin, innovative bioink formulations and their cytocompatibility, the evolution of 3D bioprinting technologies and improvements in resolution, breakthroughs in skin tissue functionalization including vascularization, innervation, appendage and pigmentation regeneration, the opportunities and challenges facing clinical translation and future perspectives.