Evaluation of Synthesized Borophene; Potential Toxicity on BAX/BCL-2, Il-1, and IL-10

Borophene was grown on glass coverslip substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to investigate its effects on fibroblast viability and selected oxidative stress, apoptosis-related, and inflammatory markers. The deposited films were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. Surface imaging revealed film coverage across the examined regions, and atomic force microscopy indicated a representative thickness of approximately 27nm. L929 fibroblasts were cultured on borophene-coated glass coverslips, and cellular responses were evaluated after 24h using the MTT assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and measurements of BAX, BCL-2, IL-1, and IL-10. Cell viability was 90.84% relative to the control, with no statistically significant difference reported. TAC, TOS, and BAX also showed no statistically significant changes. In contrast, BCL-2 levels increased significantly (P < 0.001), suggesting a potential adaptive or anti-apoptotic response. These findings provide preliminary evidence of limited short-term cytotoxicity under the tested conditions. However, the increased BCL-2 level alone does not establish functional cytoprotection, and further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms and longer-term biological effects.