Research progress in synergistic multimechanism of nanomaterial-mediated neuroinflammatory therapy (Review)

Neuroinflammation treatment faces notable challenges such as low blood‑brain barrier (BBB) penetration, poor targeting and systemic toxicity, limiting traditional therapies due to inefficient drug delivery and bioavailability. Nanomaterials have innovatively reshaped this paradigm through multiple mechanisms. The present review elaborates core strategies in immunocyte phenotype regulation, oxidative stress intervention and targeted delivery, focusing on modulating microglia transition from pro‑inflammatory to repair states, constructing systems for reactive oxygen species regulation and developing biomimetic carriers for BBB penetration and lesion targeting. The present review highlights technical bottlenecks in long‑term biosafety evaluation, cross‑organ metabolic mechanism analysis and clinical translation standardization.