How People Integrate Mental Health Apps Into Everyday Self-Care: Qualitative Study

Mobile mental health (MH) apps are increasingly promoted as tools for self-care. However, less is known about how users integrate them into everyday life and how they combine with other forms of support.

This qualitative study examined what motivates individuals to adopt MH apps and how these tools are used alongside other care practices.

We conducted semistructured interviews with 31 Czech MH app users aged 18-56 (23 women), recruited through social media, researchers' networks, and snowball sampling. Eligible participants had used an MH app for at least 2 weeks; individuals currently experiencing a psychological crisis were excluded. Interviews were conducted online or face-to-face and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke. The analysis was inductive and informed by a critical realist epistemological stance. Initial analytic engagement was conducted independently, followed by collaborative theme development and refinement.

We identified the following three motivational patterns for MH app use: (1) regular use to maintain well-being and support preventive self-care; (2) reactive use during periods of acute distress; and (3) temporary, problem-focused use aimed at understanding or addressing a specific difficulty. Beyond motivations for adoption, our findings revealed the following four distinct trajectories of app engagement and disengagement: (1) emancipation, with apps acting as ongoing support for self-care when therapy is reduced or ended; (2) independence, as techniques learned through apps are transferred into everyday life and used without the app; (3) reliance, where users persist with app-based self-care despite insufficient benefit, occasionally delaying or limiting other forms of help; and (4) episodic use, characterized by intermittent engagement during specific life periods. These findings extend existing research by showing that disengagement is not necessarily a marker of failure but can reflect successful self-care and the transfer of learned skills. We also identified tensions and unintended consequences, including the burden of sustaining engagement, risks of overreliance, emotional costs associated with sustained self-monitoring, and tensions between digital self-care and efforts to reduce screen use. Participants generally viewed self-monitoring as beneficial when guided by clear personal goals and embedded within a broader system of self-care.

Our findings suggest that appropriate disengagement can signal a successful step in self-care. App design and policy should acknowledge episodic use and strengthen connections to human support with clear guidance and accessible pathways to additional care when needed.