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Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency fields and cardiovascular consequences: a systematic review
Elham Raeisi1, Sara Maghare Dehkordi2, Saeid Yazdanirad3
1Department of Medical Physics and Radiology Technology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
Objective:
Exposure to extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields can have harmful effects on human health. The present systematic review study aimed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to ELF and cardiovascular outcomes.
Methods:
Searches were conducted in six electronic bibliographic databases: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. This search included records up to August 19, 2026. The search strategy used two sets of keywords. Following the selection of proper studies, relevant data were extracted by the reviewers. To assess the risk of bias in the included studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used.
Results:
Seven of fourteen studies (50 percent) showed that there is an association between ELF field exposure and cardiovascular outcomes. However, the available evidence is insufficient to establish causality. Some of the outcomes reported in the studies included acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, hematological parameters, coronary heart disease, and hypertension.
Conclusion:
Exposure to ELF fields may be associated with some cardiovascular outcomes. However, the confirmation of this relationship remains ambiguous, and it requires further investigations in future research.
Systematic Review Registration:
identifier CRD420251078768.